Gambhira masks

A carved wooden face with a bold, three-dimensional crown and fierce, expressive features marks the entrance to a Gambhira performance in Malda, West Bengal—a tradition where craft and ritual storytelling merge in vibrant celebration. Gambhira mask traditional Indian craft from Malda is closely tied to the folk dance and song form of the same name, performed especially during the Chaitra Sankranti festival. These masks, typically made from neem, fig, or gamari wood, are essential to the character-driven performances that blend mythological tales, social commentary, and devotional narrative.

Historically, Gambhira masks and their associated dance originated in the Malda district of North Bengal, with deep roots in the worship of Lord Shiva. The tradition is believed to be over 200 years old and was once a form of puja, where devotees invited Shiva—also known as Gambhir—to bless the land and its people. The practice is particularly associated with communities such as the Rajbanshi and Sutradhar, who have preserved the ritual through generations. Over time, Gambhira evolved from a purely religious festival to a folk play format, where a grandfather and grandson character narrate stories that reflect both mythological themes and contemporary social issues.

The creation of a Gambhira mask is a skilled process. Artisans select logs of locally available woods like neem, fig, or gamari, each chosen for durability and carving ease. The log, typically around two feet in circumference, is carved by hand to create the mask’s facial features and elaborate crown. The Sutradhar community, traditional woodworkers of Bengal, are the primary makers of these masks. Once carved, the mask is painted in bright colors, with each hue and detail reflecting the character it represents—be it a deity like Kali or Narasingha, or a demon or animal from epic stories. 

Today, Gambhira masks are still crafted by artisans in Malda and surrounding regions, though their use in performance has declined due to changing cultural practices and the rise of alternative materials. 

What sets Gambhira masks apart is their distinctive three-dimensional crowns and bold, expressive designs, which embody the dramatic spirit of the dance and the region’s unique aesthetic. The masks’ ability to transform the wearer’s identity is central to the performance, allowing actors to embody gods, demons, and social archetypes. Their continued recognition in craft exhibitions and folk art collections underscores their importance in the broader landscape of Indian traditional crafts.
Photo Courtesy: necessityestore, HandMade in India