Kavasam

The craft is deeply rooted in Tamil Nadu, especially in temple towns like Kumbakonam, Swamimalai, and Madurai, which have long been centres of bronze and metal iconography. It is closely associated with the Vishwakarma or Kammalar community—artisans historically revered for their mastery over five disciplines: carpentry, blacksmithing, goldsmithing, stone carving, and bronze casting. Over time, these skilled craftspeople developed intricate techniques to adorn deities with kavasams, both as a form of spiritual armour and decorative splendour.

The process begins with selecting high-quality copper, brass, or silver sheets, chosen for their malleability and longevity. Artisans first create a mould of the idol or surface, often using cement or plaster. The metal sheet is then gradually shaped to fit the contours of the subject. To create detailed embellishments, artisans use a technique known as embossing and chasing, where the sheet is supported from behind with a base of lac (a resin) and worked using fine chisels and punches. The final piece is polished and often sent for gold plating, with cities like Madurai known for their traditional gold-finishing techniques. In some cases—especially for prominent deities—the kavasam is studded with semi-precious stones arranged in floral or symbolic patterns, reflecting the opulence of temple art.

Though historically used in large, established temples, the craft has also adapted to serve contemporary needs. Artisans today produce custom-fitted kavachams for Navagraha (nine planetary) idols, miniature chariots, and votive offerings for smaller shrines. While Nagercoil in Kanniyakumari district is widely recognized for its temple jewellery craftsmanship, its artisans also contribute to the kavasam-making tradition through related skills like stone setting and metal finishing.
Kavasam, also known as kavacham in Sanskrit, is a traditional South Indian metal craft that transforms sacred spaces with its gleaming sheet metal armour. These ornate coverings are custom-fitted to temple idols and architectural elements such as gopurams (temple towers), wooden chariots, and ceremonial doorways. Traditionally made of beaten copper, brass, or silver—often finished with gold leaf or electroplating—kavasams are installed during festivals, processions, or ritual celebrations, highlighting the divine aura and sanctity of the deity.

Kavasam making remains a vital and living tradition. It supports a network of highly skilled metalworkers, goldsmiths, and chisellers who supply temples across Tamil Nadu and other parts of India. The craft’s spiritual and artistic relevance has allowed it to remain resilient, with modern commissions accommodating varied sizes, iconographies, and decorative preferences.

What sets kavasam apart is its blend of technical precision, ritual importance, and adaptability. Each piece reflects the artisan’s inherited knowledge and their intimate understanding of sacred forms and symbolism. Its enduring presence across temple rituals and religious architecture speaks to its cultural significance and continuing demand.    
Photo credits: Raja Spiritual Super Market Private Limited